TOEFL Structure 03: SENTENCE WITH REDUCED CLAUSE

Example:

1. My friend should be on the train which is arriving at the station now.

= My friend should be on the train arriving at the station now.

2. Although it was not really difficult, the exam took a lot of time.

= Although not really difficult, the exam took a lot of time.

Skill 13 : USE REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CORRECTLY

1. The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.

= The woman waving to us is the tour guide.

2. The letter which was written last week arrived today.

= …………..

3. The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.

= ……………

4. I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s newspaper.

= ……………

An adjective clause can only be reduced if the connector is also a subject. So, the following two sentences cannot be reduced.

5. The woman that I just met is the tour guide
6. The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday.

When an adjective clause is set with comas, the reduced adjective clause can appear at the front of the sentence.

7. The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of president.

= The White House, ……………………. , is the home of president.

= Located in Washington, ………………. is the home of president. (without the second coma)

8. …….on several different television programs, the witness gave conflicting accounts of what had happened.

A.     He appeared

B.     Who appeared

C.     Appearing

D.     Appears 

Skill 13: Each of the following sentences contains an adjective clause, in a`complete or reduced form. Underline the adjective clauses. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)!

1.       We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway.

2.       The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.

3.       Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year.

4.       The brand new Cadilac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the accident.

5.       The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games in large numbers.

6.        The suspect can be seen in the photographs were just released by the police.

7.       The food placing on the picnic table attracted a large number of flies.

8.       Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie signed her children up for it.

9.       The passengers in the airport waiting room, heard the announcement of the canceled flight, groaned audibly.

10.   Dissatisfied with the service at the restaurant; the meal really was not enjoyable.

Skill 14: USE REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES CORRECTLY

1. Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.

= …………..

2. When you are ready, you can begin your speech.

= …………..

3. Although he feels rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar

= ………….

4. When you give your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly.

= ………….

5. When ……, you are free to leave.

A.     The finished report

B.     Finished with the report

C.     The report

D.     Is the report finished

EXERCISE 14: Each of the following sentences contains a reduced adverb clause. Circle the adverb connectors. Underline the reduced clauses. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer.
2. Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home.
3. The ointment can be applied where needed.
4. Tom began to look for a job after completing his master’s degree in engineering.
5. Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the games as a fan.
6. When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items.
7. The medicine is not effective unless taken as directed.
8. You should negotiate a lot before buy a new car.
9. Once purchased, the swimsuits cannot be returned.
10. Though located near the coast, the town does not get much af an ocean breeze.

EXERCISE (Skills 13-14): Each of the following sentences contains a reduced clause. Underline the reduced clause. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)!

1. Though was surprised at the result, she was pleased with what she has done.
2. Wearing only a light sweater, she stepped out into the pouring rain.
3. The family stopped to visit many relatives while driving across the country.
4. The company president, needed a vacation, boarded a plane for the Bahamas.
5. When applying for the job, you should bring your letters of reference.
6. She looked up into the dreary sky was filled with dark thunderclouds.
7. Feeling weak after a long illness, Sally wanted to try to get back to work.
8. Before decided to have surgery, you should get a second opinion.
9. The construction material, a rather grainy type of wood, gave the room a rustic feeling.
10. The application will at least be reviewed if submitted by the fifteenth of the month.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 13-14): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

1. When ……nests during spring nesting season. Canadian geese are fiercely territorial.

A.     building

B.     are building

C.     built

D.     are built

2. In 1870, Calvin, along with Adirondack hunter Alvah Dunning, made the first known ascent of Seward Mountain, ….far from roads or trail.

A.     a remote peak

B.     it is a remote peak

C.     a remote peak is

D.     which a remote peak

3. Kokanee salmon begin to deteriorate and die soon ……at the age of four.

A.     they spawn

B.     after spawning

C.     spawn

D.     spawned the salmon

4. ……………behind government secrecy for nearly half a century, the Hanford plant in central Washington produced plutonium for the nuclear weapons of the Cold War.

A.     It is hidden

B.     Hidden

C.     Which is hidden

D.     The plant is hiding

5. Until ………incorrect, astronomers had assumed that the insides of white dwarfs were uniform.

A.     they

B.     their proof

C.     the astronomers recently proven

D.     recently proven

6. …….artifacts from the early Chinese dynasties, numerous archeologist have explored the southern Silk Road.

A.     They were searching for

B.     It was a search for

C.     Searched for

D.     Searching for

7. In Halley, the best-known lecturer was women’s rights activist Abigail Scott Duniway of Portland, Oregon, who could usually be persuaded to speak ………town visiting her son.

A.     she was in

B.     while in

C.     while she was

D.     was in

8. The National Restaurant ……..Washington, says that federal efforts to regulate workplace smoking would limit restaurants’ ability to respond to the desires of their patrons.

A.     Association in

B.     Association is in

C.     Association which is in

D.     Association, based in

9. ………in North American waterways less than a decade ago, zebra mussels have already earned a nasty reputation for their expensive habit of clogging water pipes in the Great Lakes area.

A.     The first sighting

B.     Although first sighted

C.     Zebra mussels were first sighted

D.     First sighting

10. Small companies may take their goods abroad for trade shows without paying foreign value-added taxes by acquiring ……an ATA carnet.

A.     a document calls

B.     a document called

C.     calls a document

D.     called a document

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skill 1-14): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

1. In the United States ……approximately four million miles of roads, streets, and highways.

A.     there

B.     is

C.     they

D.     there are

2. ………twelve million immigrants entered the U.S. via Ellis island.

A.     More than

B.     There were more than

C.     Of more than

D.     The report of

3. The television, ……………so long been part of our culture, has an enormous influence.

A.     has

B.     it has

C.     which

D.     which has

4.  Psychologists have traditionally maintained that infant cannot formulate long-term memories until …….the age of eight or nine months.

A.     they

B.     they reach

C.     to reach

D.     reach

5. ………a cheese shop has since grown into a small conglomerate consisting of a catering business and two retail stores.

A.     In the beginning of

B.     It began as

C.     Its beginning which was

D.     What began as

6. Primarily a government contractor, …………preferential treatment from government agencies as both a minority-group member and a woman.

A.     receives Weber

B.     Weber receives

C.     The reception of Weber

D.     According to Weber’s reception

7. Because the project depends on ………….at the federal level, the city and county may have to wait until the budget cutting ends.

A.     it happens

B.     which happening

C.     what happens

D.     that it happens

8. ……definitive study of a western hard-rock mining community cemetery appears to have been done is in Silver City, Nevada.

A.     Most

B.     The most

C.     Where most

D.     Where the most

9. One of the areas of multimedia that is growing quickly …..is sound.

A.     yet is easy overlooked

B.     is easily overlooked

C.     it is easily overlooked

D.     that is easily overlooked

10. ……., early approaches for coping with workplace stress dealt with the problem only after its symptoms had appeared.

A.     Although well intending

B.     Although it is a good intention

C.     Although a good intention

D.     Although well intended